They say that CO2
is increasing by 43% since 1850……
120 /280 x 100 = 43.
Ice cores revealed CO2 levels before the Industrial
Revolution were 280 parts per million.
The latest reading
taken at Mauna Loa in Hawaii, end of May 2019 was 414.7 ppm.
Increase is 414.7 – 280 = 134.7. 134.7 / 280 x 100 = 48.107, that is 48.2% so they say.
However I question this.
It is not an increase of 134.7 per
se or 280 per se.
It is 134.7 parts per million and 280 parts per million per
se.
********
So how to explain this increase?
I tried to think what
if one were to climb a million ft mountain?
5280 ft = 1 mile; 1
million ft = 189.39 miles; 1 mile is 1.609 km, so 189.39 miles is 304.73 km.
Then one would only climb from 280 ft to 414.7 ft, an
increase of 134.7 ft, and it takes 170 years.
414.7 ft = 0.05303 miles,
and 134.7 ft is 0.0255113 miles..
Still 189.39 – 0.05303 = 189.33697 , ie. There is still 189.34 miles left to go to top of mountain.
But …..Mt Everest is 29,029 ft high, Kilimanjaro is 19,308 ft, Mauna Loa is 13,100ft high and Mt Kosciusko
in Australia is 7,310 ft. Clearly it is
a silly example. A lot of work to
calculate it!
**** The
increase of CO2 since 1850 is more like 48.2
parts per million % of gas in atmosphere,
not a lump of 48.2% ******
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Next- imagine
a graph with the Y axis 1 km
high ie 1 million millimetres, and
the X axis is years 1850 to 2020.
170 years. The increase is from
28 cm to 41.47 cm. Easier to envision,
yes?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I was awake one night and
fretted that maybe I had made a mistake ----what if 1 million mm were not 1
km? It would be so embarrassing to
return to all the comments I have made and admit a mistake. So I got up and laboriously worked it out.
1 metre is 1000 mm. ok.
10 metres is 10000 mm. 100
metres is 100000mm. 1000metres is
1000000 mm which is 1 kilometre. I heaved a sigh of relief!
I am afantasic
ie I am unable to visualise - which is said to be unusual. Most people can visualise tho it is not
taught in school, only in meditation or
yoga classes. More of the idea that
spirit things are evil….christian dogma….dumbing us down. I am genuinely unable to read music and
….other things. Somehow I manage to
figure it. It is still difficult to
comprehend parts per
million…..
million…..
They say that humans have emitted 550 billion tons of CO2 since we began using fossil fuels. 1850 ie. 390 billion tons from burning fossil fuels, 160 billion tons cumulative burn forests = 550 tons CO2.
We can try to put it into understandable perspective;
1 litre of petrol
(gasoline) contains 0.63 kg of carbon, ie 1.389 lb carbon.
1 gallon of petrol contains 5.5 lb of carbon.
Carbon has an atomic weight of 12, oxygen has an atomic weight of 16
CO2 has a molecular weight of 12 + 16 + 16 = 44.
44/12 = 3.67 so CO2
is 3.67 times heavier than carbon.
1 litre of petrol
when burned gives off 0.63 x 3.67 kg = 2.3
kg CO2
1 kg = 2.205 lb. 2.3
kg = 5.07 lb.
1 gallon of gasoline
when burned emits 5.5 x 3.67 = 20.185
lb CO2.
1 gallon weighs about……?…,
1 gallon = 8 pints . 1 litre is
about 2 pints. 1 gallon is 4 litres.
The extra weight comes from the oxygen used in the process.
How about TONS of
CO2?
Coal is about 51%
carbon. A short ton weighs 2000 lb.
51% of 2000lb is 1020 lb of carbon. This emits 3.67 x 1020 = 3743.4 lb CO2.
So 1 ton of coal emits 3743.4 lb CO2. 2000lb coal emits 3743.4 lb CO2.
3743.3 / 2000 = 1.87 tons of CO2.
This seems impossible for an invisible gas!........but one
has to persist with reckoning.
1/1.87 = 0.53475 = tons of coal which produce 1 ton CO2.
1 gallon of gasoline makes 20 lb CO2, so 100
gallons of gasoline makes 2000lb CO2 = 1 ton.
A short ton of coal weighs 2000lb. 100 gallons of gasoline weighs 2000lb = 1 ton.
0.53475 tons of coal
makes 1 ton of CO2. 100 gallons of
gasoline makes 1 ton of CO2.
To make it even more confusing , some data says “since 1751 there have
been 392 billion tons of CO2 emitted by
burning fossil fuels, and cement production (burning up limestone).
1 ton of coal has 78% carbon, makes 204.3 lb CO2. 1 short ton of coal 2000lb makes 5720 lb
CO2 =
2.86 short tons of CO2.
In 2012 CO2 was 392.5 ppm.
So 9.7 billion tons of CO2 were emitted
= equivalent to 10000 coal fires power stations.”
-----there are more calculations at the end of this post-------All a bit hard to believe----I am just trying to put things into perspective.
-----there are more calculations at the end of this post-------All a bit hard to believe----I am just trying to put things into perspective.
This all brings us to
The Keeling Curve. My feeling is that this Graph is much misunderstood.
From a TED talk by Professor Stephen Salter of Edinburgh
University Nov 16, 2016.
please click on image to enlarge it.
The good professor describes the increase as “relentless”! To “combat global warming” he has engineered
a hydrofoil ship with Fletner Rotors, not sails, to cruise the oceans to release “seeds” to
“brighten marine clouds”. They will need
300 of these, cost is 1 billion pounds (or is it $?) plus interest. 100 million pounds per year. Write it off in 20 years.
What If his whole career is based on a faulty reading of a
graph? Not to mention the enormous costs
involved. He says The Paris Conference
cost 13 million pounds including the cost of then President Obama’s
retinue….. all the while, what if CO2 is innocent?
The Keeling Curve measures parts per million a tiny amount, not 390 per se or 400 per se!!!! Even our clever scientists have been
hypnotised by this graph. The whole
thing is a Big Scam. Full stop.
YT video. Keeling’s
Curve, the Story of CO2, by Science
Bulletins, Aug 25 2014. How it was discovered 1958. NOAA. Hawaii’s Mauna Loa volcano. Charles Keeling 1959 he was 31 years
old. At first his data was erratic, then
a seasonal rhythm, peaks in spring, falls in winter. CO2 builds up after winter decay of plants. Spring plants regrowing removes CO2. So readings are taken at end of May.
So May 1958 was 318 ppm. April 2014 was 402 ppm. No reduction.
Expect 2100 to be 421 ppm.
HOWEVER. It is still
parts per million. We all know that
volcanoes spew out weird gases, not entirely representative of world at
large. There is a giant geothermal plant
on Hawaii.
Mike Morales
YT FEMA. Volcano. January 14, 2020. He describes chemtrails major spraying all over the world as
seen from satellite images. NASA’s
Worldview. There is geo engineering
going on between Hawaii and California.
Often punishing cruel weather. Too
dry or too wet. Atmospheric river was seen going wrong way, sucked
up towards Kamchatka! On Mike’s video
at 1:15:40. Sure sign of weather interference.
At 45 minutes, see Kangaroo
Island – frequency clouds to the west.
Pineapple Express is
a non-technical term for a meteorological phenomenon characterized by a strong
and persistent flow of moisture and associated with heavy precipitation from
the waters adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands and extending to any location along
the Pacific coast of North America.
(Wikipedia) ***There is a video I have seen which
describes how this is being manipulated!
I have not taken notes on it…
-------------------------------------------------
Humans are said to have emitted 550 billion tons of CO2
since the industrial age started. This
includes burning of forests increasing the CO2.
Local Govt is worried about farmers contributing too much
CO2.
Local newspaper The Witness cites CO2 emissions for 1 year
by Hilltops. Cowra, Forbes, Parkes, Coota-Gundagai to be 2,313,900 tons of CO2.
“Hilltops
contributed 850,000 tonnes CO2 by agriculture. We made 18% more in using electricity”.
Agriculture uses machinery and petrol.
If 100 gallons of petrol makes 1 ton of CO2, That is 85,000,000 gallons of gasoline How many litres are in 1 gallon? 4 litres, I think. We must have used 340 million litres of
petrol.
18% of 2313900 = 416502 tons of CO2 for electricity.
Needs 416502 / 0.5347
= 778,945.2 tons of coal. Did we use so
much coal? Who measures it?
Does it all add up, or is it fanciful gobbledegook?
No wonder farmers are flabbergasted. Too worried to breathe. And
all that worry for nothing if that CO2 emergency / urgency / …is a monumental
SCAM. WE can never get enough
renewables. And they want to carbon TAX
people. That’s the thing – someone,
elite, gets more of your money in
another Tax. More calculations, carbon credits, so easy to scam more and more….a nightmare of
book keeping to add to the GST making people miserable!
Local Landcare Group had a workshop 15 January 2020 at Blayney Community Centre….. Invitation to Soil Carbon Farming &
Carbon Trading Workshop.
…Actually, Dr Patrick
Moore says there is a Dearth of CO2!
Look it up. If CO2 gets down to
150 ppm then all plants will die. It is
such a tight fit, in tandem with oxygen.
More reason not to fiddle with CO2 in the air. We need more CO2! The lowest in geological history was 180
ppm. Highest was in Cambrian at
7000ppm. No fear.
People, calm down!
They want us to be afraid so they can stop the use of coal and oil and the society will collapse
and they can implement their anti life agenda, depopulation. “They” are who is behind the UN’s NWO and Agenda 21 for the 21st
century – one sees they are not human.
What if it comes from the secret
1958 Greada Treaty signed by then President Eisenhower with the “aliens”? The President was advised against this but
the generals wanted the technology promised,
and if the USA did not sign then other nations would do so. The aliens broke the agreement and have done
what they wanted and humans have colluded.
What has been called “ Fallen
Angel” technology to manipulate the weather (HAARP etc) is being used and we
are being blamed for using too much coal and oil and petrol. I believe the LHC Large Hadron Collider (and
its ilk) is also a dangerous expensive
Thing which can destroy us and all Nature.
Sure we can improve on our use of coal and oil and include
renewables, but renewables have problems
too. Michael Schellenberger’s TED Talk. Jan 5
2019.
President Eisenhower warned us about the military industrial
complex. President JFKennedy was killed
after he made a certain speech. You can see
this speech in poster behind Deborah
Tavares in a recent post on this blog. www.awhatifworld.blogspot.com. Prime Minister Harold Holt disappeared
without trace when diving in ocean, and he was said to have been against the
building of Pine Gap US facility near Alice Springs. People who are speaking up now can find
themselves in danger. All the more
reason to let people know what is really happening before it is too late. The whole world is in danger. Humans have abilities we still don’t know of
because we have been traumatised generation after generation, struggling to
keep the flame of life alive. If people have enough to eat and shelter we /
they can study and learn and grow in abilities. Together we might have a chance to say to
the Parasites “Thanks but no thanks”. In
other words “Rack off”. Or “Back off”.
People, this is a
long shot, but it is worth the mention.
It is Time to protect
our Earth, to protect our Home and each other.
It is time for us to be Diplomats.
Hear that, Greta and friends.
Make our voices heard in high places AND in other Dimensions - FOR
genuine science as Naomi Seibt says with dignity, for
fair deal for all people not just the half billion that will survive after they
kill off the 95% of us, Ref is Georgia
Guidestones. It is no secret. The truth is out there so we can look for it.
Look it up.
All this stuff and what has led to it is on my blogs.
References.
1.
There is a 2 hour video on YouTube documenting
the “aliens” and 1958 Greada Treaty with
its aftermath. I have endured 1 hour of
it and intend to pay more attention to it soon. Here it is:
Area 51, Underground Mysteries, and the Alien Agenda. Jan 8, 2020.
Interviewer W Scott Hensler.
David Carrico discussed DUMBs,
Dulce, Montauk, Armageddon, the
new 5G network which is insidious and will impact all life on Earth. At 22 minutes find Greada Treaty. They use
Scalar Technology which is faster than the speed of light. There is witchcraft. Brainwashing.
The atrocities are evil.
2.
How the UN’s Agenda 21 Influences Every Aspect
of Society, Aug 16, 2015. Talk in Canada by Ileana Johnson Paugh
PhD. By DDP Meeting. 1 hr 19 minute video.
3.
The New Green Deal by In Focus, 8 May 2019.
Jim Schneider interviews Tom De
Weese from Americanpolicy.org.
4.
Agenda 21 in a Nutshell, by Kris Anne Hall, interview with Tom De Weese. Jul 29, 2017. 38’
5.
Australian MP Ann Bressington, and Senator Malcolm Roberts have videos on Agenda 21.
6.
My favourites are Max Igan,
Mike Morales, Tony Heller, Dr Patrick Moore especially his “A Dearth
of Carbon” sept 17, 2016. Dr Willie Soon, Professor Ian Plimer, William Happer,
7.
Grand Solar Minimum…. Professor Valentina
Zharkova. She studies sunspots, and
maths, and says we are Entering an
Ice Age now, will last 33 years – sun goes in 11 year cycles. We must realise this is of utmost
importance. We will need our coal
and gas. Maybe “they” have got us
stitched up to get rid of us one way or another, unless we wake up
ourselves.
8.
There are plenty more “Climate Calmers or Diplomats, Realists” out
there. Naomi Seibt.
9.
Most significant voices are Jane Tande and Deborah Tavares. Both from California. Most shocking is the finding of a NASA document on “War”,
robots, cyborgs and humans.
Deborah Tavares from stopthecrime.net is talking about this on video
Warning, the Truth May Shock You, by
Weed Share (Anonymous) jan 16 2020. I do get the creeps when I see Anonymous
and am not certain how much is true of what they say!!
10.
------------always more and more, one gets tired of thinking and ….listening
and reading and watching. I have been without radio since Christmas. A relief;
one less voice in my head.
Precis on CO2
They say that CO2
is increasing by 43% since 1850……
120 /280 x 100 = 43.
Ice cores revealed CO2 levels before the Industrial
Revolution were 280 parts per million.
The latest reading
taken at Mauna Loa in Hawaii, end of May 2019 was 414.7 ppm.
The Keeling Curve
looks like it is a relentless increase but it is in parts per million! Misunderstood!
Increase is 414.7 – 280 = 134.7. 134.7 / 280 x 100 = 48.107, that is 48.2% so they say.
However I question this.
It is not an increase of 134.7 per
se or 280 per se.
It is 134.7 parts per million
and 280 parts per million per se.
Imagine a graph with
the Y axis 1 km high ie 1 million
millimetres,
and the X axis is years
1850 to 2020. 170 years.
The increase is from 28 cm to 41.47 cm.
--------------------------------------------
They say that humans
have emitted 550 billion tons of CO2 since we began using fossil
fuels. 1850
390 billion tons from
burning fossil fuels, 160 billion tons cumulative burn forests = 550 tons CO2.
--------------------------
Carbon has an atomic weight of 12, oxygen has an atomic weight of 16
CO2 has a molecular weight of 12 + 16 + 16 = 44.
44/12 = 3.67 so CO2
is 3.67 times heavier than carbon.
The extra weight comes from the Oxygen!
1 gallon of gasoline
when burned emits 20 lb CO2.
100 gallons of gasoline makes 1 ton of CO2.
1 short ton coal = 2000lb emits 3743.4 lb CO2.
0.53475 tons of coal
makes 1 ton of CO2
------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
Surface Atmospheric Pressure on
Earth is 14.6959 lb per sq inch,=...... tons / sq km
Now Surface area of Earth is
196900000 sq miles. = 509.971 x 1000000 km sq.
Weight of Air in Atmosphere == ..... trillion tons (10
to power 12)
So 550 billion /.....trillion ; x 100
= ....% in total added to atmosphere. ###
###Correction 12/02/2020 + extra correction.....13/2/2020.....
550 billion / .... trillion , x 100 =....%.
It is 550 x 10 to power 11 / ....x 10 to power 11. I think at night and cudgel my brains (as Clive James put it so well in foreword to his translation of The Divine Comedy.) and I have to go and check my maths and correct my mistakes. Probably there are lots of mistakes....I am an old lady.....Maybe my calculation of Earth's surface area etc is wrong. And. I read that in 1850 the atmospheric pressure was 2 x that of now! Cataclysms change Earth's atmosphere drastically.
###This is all an exercise that Science students could make, instead of protesting about Climate Action. Take a proper look instead of believing the stuff that others want you to believe!!!!!
There is another calculation we can make:-
CO2 is 0.04% of earth"s atmosphere. ie. 0.04% of .... trillion tons.
ie. 0.04 / 100 x ..... x 10 to power 12 tons.
Believe me, I struggle with this!
0.0004 x..... x 10 to power 12 is .... x 10 to power 12.
= .... x 10 to power 9 = .... billion tons.
So, there may be .... billion tons of CO2 in the atmosphere.
But they say we have added 550 billion ton to atmosphere in last 150 years.....
so all this does not compute.
(Someone commented that my number crunching means nothing, they want to believe that increase is 43%.)
If it were to halve, then concentration would be 0.02%
which is perilously close to 0.015% ie.150 ppm which is the lowest limit before plants will die for lack of CO2. So we better take care of what CO2 we do have before we go to new fangled schemes to get rid of it!
They say carbon neutral.. ie stay at where we are.......what if there are other reasons for polar ice melting and seas heating up------That is ----Ionospheric Heaters------all over the world, some even more powerful than HAARP in Alaska. and chemtrails, and bunker fuels on oceans....
Take all those away and weather will return to normal. I would dare to venture to say that weather is a direct result of human consciousness. The indigenes knew that- they sang up the wind and rain spirits......A lack of love....too much trauma........the sun shines in accordance with Man's Love energy. Ancient times they thought that blood sacrifice would make the sun shine warm again- Aztecs and all them-----it is happening again- in America FEMA camps have guillotines, to behead the homeless and unwanted humans, to depopulate the planet, to half billion they want- and that means most people will go......Unless a miracle happens----and God is preparing a new Earth for us and leaving the polluted Earth for the aliens..........I wonder why there is a feeling of God standing back, watching us, seeing how we will react, testing us. Maybe there was an urgent task to do to mend the hole made in the fabric of time space when the aliens/Velon or whoever entered our dimension, and to provide a home for everyone! aliens included........expect anything can happen!!
We are children of God, AND we are children of Earth. It is consolation. WE have been very brave to be embodied on this planet at a crucial Time, they say it is an End Time. No-one reads my blogs, but maybe some aliens are reading my words. They are programmed to act a certain way, and might be confounded by human contradictions; we can work thro subtleties.....and feelings....it goes deep.
Yes, it is hard to comprehend parts per billion and parts per trillion
One is in despair over all this!!! 75% of world's people believe climate alarm.
Almost no-one is realising that we are entering a Cold time- where sunspots are at minimum; sun has 11 year cycle, and other cycles....look it up.
What if it is all a scam? Some think it does not matter. They don't mind the extra tax and costs of retrofitting etc. I am afraid there are deeper darker issues at work. The enemies of human kind are ..... bio robots ----very clever but with no feelings. The Greada treaty 1958 signed by then President Eisenhower, with aliens, is at base. Humans keen for technology and power.
Wisewoman Anastasia of the Ringing Cedars warned us in Book 4.
And in Book 10 named "Anasta".
(****Full Calculations are on blog www.awhatifworld.blogspot.com****)
******************************
In short, my main theme is for CO2:-
414.7 ppm = 0.04147% = 0.04147 parts per 100 of atmosphere, as of May 2019 at Mauna Loa.
310 ppm in 1958 (Keeling Curve) = 0.031%
Increase is 104.7 ppm = 0.01047% This is hardly catastrophic! I rest my case.
280 ppm in 1850 or so they say... = 0.028%
Increase is 414.7 - 280 = 134.7 ppm = 0.0134% or 0.0134 parts per 100.
Which is a far cry from 43% which is 400-280 =120, / 280, x 100.
******************************
More! 13/02 2020.
How will the farmers retrofit their machinery if not allowed
to use petrol? All existing tractors
would have to be scrapped or modified for electricity at great cost! The banks are keen on climate change
action. They make money out of thin air
by creating debt. They are in trouble
if people stop seeking loans; they want
us to be in debt; slavery.
Do not destroy what is still good and useful, especially if
climate turns out not to be caused by CO2 emissions. Dr Patrick Moore is most outspoken and well
informed as an earth scientist and one time founder or part founder of
Greenpeace . He has been there and seen
it all and seen how it can go wrong. I
have snips from videos of his, very valuable information. On one chart it says the atmosphere contains
850 billion tons of carbon. Oceans contain 45 times as much. Fossil fuels,
10000billion tons; Earth’s crust
100000 billion tons, as limestone, etc. Please see diagram snip.
....(to snip video, press keyboard windows logo plus shift plus s, then highlight screen, save via prompts.....)
....(to snip video, press keyboard windows logo plus shift plus s, then highlight screen, save via prompts.....)
850 billion tons of Carbon-
calculate by multiplying by 44/12
= 3116.666 billion tons of CO2
My calculation was ..... billion tons of CO2; only a difference of nearly ..... trillion
tons!
If CO2 is 0.04% 0f atmosphere, then 3116 billion tons
CO2 is 0.04% so total weight of
atmosphere works out at 3117 x 10 to
power 9 x 100 / 0.04 = 7792.5 x 10 to power 12 (
trillion) tons. This is .... x my calculation which was ....trillion tons…….. Impossible to believe accuracy of data….
note wikipedia. Australia 1974 was worse for Wildfires than recently, Brisbane flooded. and Cyclone Tracey flattened Darwin. Tony Heller, an American, appraised us of this.....YT.
****************************
CO2 was 7000ppm in Cambrian,
seas were full of cyanobacteria (blue green algae, to begin with) - these made Oxygen suddenly appear and
accumulate! Ready for new Life. Molluscs thrived, built calcareous shells,
as did the plankton species- Dr Moore
has images of these- carbon was captured
into limestone and coal over the aeons,
until we are at a stage where CO2 might disappear!!! As Dr Moore points out, here we are with
the machinery to use oil and coal and put back some of that carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere so that life can continue to thrive! It is certainly a novel consideration. And one which we need to bring to the table
of our choices we are making.
Much of what we do
can be destructive to nature. Eg pumping
out water from aquifers causes land even islands to sink……Listen to all sides
of the situation. There are many good
scientists and aware people alive at this time in history- we all need to be part of the Great
Conversation. Sea levels have risen and
fallen over the centuries- Australian aboriginal
peoples had to accommodate such changes.
The Earth is not a static thing-
it is alive with variability. Our
technology may be clever but maybe She is greater than all that temporary stuff…….
I used to be worried about climate change………Here is a
comment which influenced me in a new direction with its simplicity and wisdom……
Comment- cop25.
Debunk climate alarmism. Wolfgang
Muller dec 4 2019
1.
The
ENORMOUS increase in cost and ENORMOUS loss of jobs for absolutely NO rational
reason. C02 is plant food. The more C02, the more plants grow
& use water more efficiently. And C02 functions on a logarithmic scale so,
while we've only raised the temp a tiny fraction, (like 0.8 degrees F), with
the trace amount of C02 humans have added, we're at about 410ppm. In order to
double that, C02 has to got up to 820ppm. Then to double that, C02 has to go up
to 1640ppm. The Cambrian was about 7,000ppm and the earth EXPLODED with life on
land and in the ocean, with no acidification. In fact, Mollusks were born at
that time.
Please everyone, help stop the madness of this belief in the climate
catastrophe and educate all you can. Check out Richard Linzen, Tony Heller,
Freeman Dyson, Willie Soon, Ian Pilmer, Patrick Moore, Friends of Science
Society, William Happer, Tim Ball and others are all telling the truth. All the
hoaxers are on the govt payroll and will lose their jobs if they speak out………. plus more
comments…..
This madness is driven by the BBC, CNN, Sky
UK, France 24 etc (globalist channels). Their hysterical climate change stories
with no balancing scientific based arguments are criminal. If you tell a lie
big enough and tell it often people (and school children) will believe it. To
maintain the lie the state (via state actors) or supra state must suppress
dissent. That is why Wolfgangs meeting was in secret.
Climate Change is coming but it's not the
Weather you need to worry about! China is coming and they want the "New
World Order.
****************************
14/2/2020.
Recent news is that the US Congress has given NOAA $4 billion to put SO2 in the stratosphere to combat climate warming!!! What if 4 billion $ worth of sulphuric acid is created?!!!! This is terrible situation I fear. How can we hope to survive? It is surely madness is upon the world. Despair.
----------------------------------------
14/2/2020.
Recent news is that the US Congress has given NOAA $4 billion to put SO2 in the stratosphere to combat climate warming!!! What if 4 billion $ worth of sulphuric acid is created?!!!! This is terrible situation I fear. How can we hope to survive? It is surely madness is upon the world. Despair.
----------------------------------------
